Proposal for a Research Grant on Type II Diabetes Essay

One of the most serious (and misunderstood) diseases that affects our country today is type II diabetes. While many people may not understand exactly what type II diabetes is, it is actually quite simple: Type II diabetes is a chronic condition that affects the way your body metabolizes sugar (glucose)- your bodys main source of fuel (Mayo Clinic, 2006). Type II diabetes is the most common type of diabetes, with approximately 90 to 95% of the 21 million Americans who suffer from diabetes have type II diabetes. It has been estimated that one-third of people with type II are not aware that they have it; if it goes undiagnosed for a long period of time the disease can become life-threatening (Mayo Clinic, 2006). There are†¦show more content†¦Clearly, prevention is extremely important in the battle against type II diabetes. Leading a healthy lifestyle is the single-most important factor people can control, which means eating healthy foods (foods low in fat and calories), gett ing plenty of physical activity (30 minutes per day), and losing excess pounds (even losing 10 pounds can help). These methods can also type II sufferers from developing more serious problems later on down the road (Mayo Clinic. 2006). Both people who know they have type II diabetes are people who are unaware can develop serious complications from the disease, particularly if it is not treated properly. Complications that can arise from type II diabetes include heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, eye complications, nerve damage, foot problems, skin complications, and depression. By keeping their blood sugar as close to normal as possible, people with type II diabetes can drastically reduce their risks for these painful complications (American Diabetes Association 2007). Type II diabetes is the fifth leading cause of death in the U.S. This is a preventable disease. The concern about this disease has been increasing in the recent years. People have started educating the youth more seriously about type II diabetes. People already affected with diabetes II are educated about how to face it. The affected person goesShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Penders Health Promotion Model1869 Words   |  8 PagesTheory This research question is well tied to Pender’s Health Promotion Model. The research question will highlight in some ways activities that individual do on their own to care for their disease, such as diet, regular monitoring of blood sugar levels and following up with their health care providers as recommended through their plan of care (Polit Beck, 2012). It also will show emphasis of the health promotion model, incorporating the health promoting behaviors through modification of theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Adipose Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells4532 Words   |  19 Pagesâ€Å"Research Proposal† Medical Biotechnology, Health Sciences Honours Research Proposal 30/06/2015 John Drummond 2040768 1) Grant titles Scientific title Analysis of adipose derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC’s) microRNA (miRNA) expression profile over multiple passages and pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cell miRNA expression profile post differentiation from iPSC’s. Simplified title Improvement of stem cell differentiation to pancreatic ÃŽ ²-cell for transplantation into diabetics. 2) ProjectRead MoreProshika Ngo12465 Words   |  50 Pagesmassive needs from the disadvantaged groups and/or victims of wars, NGOs demand more professionals for improving their approaches, methodologies, managements and future developments on humanitarian aid, therefore, to apply for bigger government funds or grants becomes their high priority as it requires resources for capacity building. Before discussing the History of NGOs in Bangladesh perspective we give a focus on the history of the NGOs over the World. Though voluntary associations of citizens haveRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesE:\BILLS\H3962.IH H3962 2 1 2 (b) TABLE TITLES.—This OF DIVISIONS, TITLES, AND SUB- Act is divided into divisions, titles, and 3 subtitles as follows: DIVISION A—AFFORDABLE HEALTH CARE CHOICES TITLE I—IMMEDIATE REFORMS TITLE II—PROTECTIONS AND STANDARDS FOR QUALIFIED HEALTH BENEFITS PLANS Subtitle A—General Standards Subtitle B—Standards Guaranteeing Access to Affordable Coverage Subtitle C—Standards Guaranteeing Access to Essential Benefits Subtitle D—Additional ConsumerRead MoreGlaxosmithkline18561 Words   |  75 PagesGlaxoSmithKline company profile Francis Weyzig Amsterdam, October 2004 Summary Business description GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) is one of the world’s largest research-based pharmaceutical corporations that discovers, develops, manufactures and markets branded human health products. 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Introduction Sub-district (Sub-divisional) hospitals are below the district and above the block level (CHC) hospitals andRead MoreGsk Annual Report 2010135604 Words   |  543 Pagesfeel better, live longer GlaxoSmithKline Annual Report 2010 Contents Business review P08–P57 Governance and remuneration P58–P101 Financial statements P102–P191 Shareholder information P192–P212 Business review 2010 Performance overview Research and development Pipeline summary Products, competition and intellectual property Regulation Manufacturing and supply World market GSK sales performance Segment reviews Responsible business Financial review 2010 Financial position and resources FinancialRead MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 Pages Table of Contents: Declaration Abstract Part I –Introduction Research Objective and justifications Report Outline Part-II Industry Description GSK-The Big Picture Factors for success in India References Part-III Literature review Chapter One –Merger: An Introduction 1.1 Introduction 1.2 The Main Idea 1.3 Types of Merger 1.4 Reasons for International Mamp;A Chapter Summary References Read MoreHealthcare Essay18323 Words   |  74 PagesPreindustrial America From Colonial times to the beginning of the 20th century, American medicine lagged behind the advances in medical science, experimental research, and medical education that were taking place in Britain, France, and Germany. While London, Paris, and Berlin were flourishing as major research centers, Americans had a tendency to neglect research in basic sciences and to place more emphasis on applied science (Shryock 1966). In addition, American attitudes about medical treatment placed strongRead More2006 Arroyo Case Study31910 Words   |  128 PagesX check the range: J 0–$1M J $1M–$10M J $10M–$100M J $100M–$500M J $500M–$1B J More than $1B If you are unable to respond to any item, please contact the Baldrige National Quality Program Office at (800) 898-4506 before submitting your form. ii 2006 Eligibility Certification Form Page 3 of 7 Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award 8. Size and Location of Applicant—continued c. Number of sites: U.S./Territories _____ 11 Outside U.S./Territories _______ d. Percentage of

The Life Of Sarah And Hagar, Or Jezebel And Rahab Today

How does one read the story of Sarah and Hagar, or Jezebel and Rahab today, if one is a woman reader situated in a postcolonial society? This question animates Judith E. McKinlay’s Reframing Her: Biblical Women in Postcolonial Focus. In this text, McKinlay takes different biblical women’s narrative and gives them agency. McKinaly opens this text from both with a feminist hermeneutic and a postcolonial criticism that helps to shape the context and location for the women she will explore and also her own personal context. One of the things I most appreciated about the opening us this book is the location in which she situates herself. She is a New Zealander, a Pakeha, which is described by the people of Maori, for people who are not Maori. Her narrative becomes critical in how she shapes these biblical women who are considered outsiders from those within. Location and identity politics becomes a critical theme within this text. I can remember Historian Vincent Harding who would open his class asking everyone to identify who they were and where they were from. At the time, I never understood why that was necessarily, but as a historian, I understand to know who we are and where we are from shapes our context. This text was helpful in helping me to understand how to relate to different people with different biblical understandings. In this text, McKinlay critically reflects within her culture (New Zealand) and how they come to understand Christianity and their interpretation

Reasons The Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials - 741 Words

Between June 10th and September 22nd, 1692, 20 people were put to death and 141 people were arrested in Salem, Massachusetts. All but one of these people were believed to be witches (Background Essay). Prior to the hearing in Salem witch trials were carried out in several different towns. â€Å"In 17th century New England witchcraft was a serious crime (Background Essay).† Two girls aged nine and 11, Betty Parris and Abigail Williams, identified a slave name Tituba and two other local women as witches. This led to the accused women being carted off to jail starting the Salem Witch Trials. Without the girls having accused Tituba and two other local women the Salem Witch Trials would have never started. The Salem Witch Trials was the first step†¦show more content†¦The map made by Paul Boyer and Stephen Nissenbaum shows the social divide, the map shows that the majority of accusers live in the West. The people of the western half of Salem were the poor farmers of salem that had little political power. The majority of the accused witches lived in the East. The eastern half of Salem was wealthy people who have political power. The divide in the wealth would cause strain among relations. The puritans of the western side of Salem believed the worldliness and affluence of the eastern half of Salem threatened their strong puritan beliefs. The tensions between the eastern and western half got worse when the western side selected Reverend Samuel Parris as their new minister. Salem was distinctly divided into two parts Salem Town and Salem Village. These two parts were all part of Salem but were distinctly separated by it’s economy and class. It is likely the jealousy between the two sides of Salem played a large role in the Witch Trials and caused a religious divide. As well as the social status causing a divide the religious beliefs caused a separation. This separation caused constant feuds and conflicts that caused the previous ministers to leave . According to Brooks, â€Å"In 1688, Parris entered negotiations to become the new minister in Salem Village. Parris accepted the position and became the official minister in July of 1698.† Parris found himself in the same types of feuds as the previous ministers. The book The NewShow MoreRelatedThe Salem Witch Trials On Society And Religious Belief1245 Words   |  5 PagesThe Salem Witch trials are an infamous moment in American history , portraying old American thought on society and religious belief. Throughout the years, scholars have adopted theories to explain one of America’s greatest mysteries. In light of such theories, it becomes apparent that there is no magic to explain the decisions that the people of Salem made, but was rather fueled by jealousy of economic success and religious misguidance. Several theories explain the cause of the witchcraft accusationsRead MoreIs Witch Trails A Thing Of The Past?923 Words   |  4 Pages Being that the Salem Witch Trails date back to over three hundred years, many people believe witch trails are a thing of the past. However, modern day witch trails are still extremely prevalent. Modern-day witch-hunts are reported to still be happening in Africa, the Pacific, Latin America, even in the U.S. and Europe. According to a New York Times article, within the last fifteen years alone, more than 2,000 Indians have been killed after being accused of witchcraft. Almost all of the accused haveRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1725 Words   |  7 PagesHistory took place. The Salem witch trials was one of the most catastrophic events worldwide in which people were accused, hanged, or sent to jail. During this time there was also a lot of chaos going on in Salem when some girls started accusing innocent people of being witches and being respo nsible for all the trouble that was going on the town. Even though not all those individuals were sentenced to death, there were still three causes or theories of why the Salem witch trials might have occurred andRead MoreThe Causes of the Salem Witch Trials (DBQ)1337 Words   |  4 Pagesseem preposterous. Any behavior regarded as strange by fellow citizens was sufficient to hold a trial with a sentence of death. Though such scenarios seem unfathomable in our modern culture, it was a reality for hundreds of New England settlers. The causes of the famous outbreak of witch trials in Salem, Massachusetts are rooted in social, economic, and political aspects of the late 17th century Salem community. Early New Englanders were unable to accept the increase in diversity and the break inRead MoreSalem Witch Trial Hysteria Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesTwenty people were put to death for witchcraft in Salem during the 1692 Salem Witch Trial Hysteria. In The Crucible, a woman, Elizabeth Proctor, gets accused of witchcraft by a young girl by the name Abigail Williams, who just so happens to be having an affair with Elizabeth’s husband, John. Once John finds out Abigail accused his wife, he starts trying to find proof that all of these young girls are pretending that they are being hurt by these older women, just so that they will be hanged. The officialsRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials : The Causes Of The Deadly Accusations912 Words   |  4 PagesPeriod 1 11 April 2015 The Salem Witch Trials: The Causes of the Deadly Accusations In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible, he writes, â€Å"We are what we always were in Salem, but now the little crazy children are jangling the keys of the kingdom, and common vengeance writes the law!† (Miller 77). This partially fictionalized tale of the Salem Witch Trials points to one of the causes of the trials, vengeance, but the over dramatized tale s early stages were quiet. The Salem Witch Episode had humble beginningsRead MoreThe Causes Of The Salem Witch Trials1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe Salem witch trials were a series of different court trials. They occurred after a group of young girls were claimed to be possessed by the devil. These individuals experienced hallucinations. Some of the suspects explained the attacks as if bugs were crawling under their skin. When the outbreak began to spread, the government proceeded to accuse multiple people in the colony of witchcraft. This is how the Salem witch trials came to be. The trials took place in colonial Massachu setts. AccordingRead MoreMany Years Ago People Have Wonder About Witches And What1348 Words   |  6 Pagespeople have wonder about witches and what they do. Salem, Massachusetts held one of the biggest witch trials in history since 1692 but yet have never found the rea-son why it was started in the first place. Researchers have discovered some information about those witches throughout the years. Still they have not figured out what was the whole rea-son behind the trials in 1692 and after those trials a lot more trials were more secretive unlike the Salem witches tri-als in 1692. New England, home of theRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trial Hysteria Of 1692879 Words   |  4 PagesThe Salem Witch Trial hysteria of 1692 caused 20 people to be hung or pressed to death and 4 perished in jail. In addition, 200 people in Salem were accused of being witches. On June 10 of 1692, Bridget Bishop was charged with practicing witchcraft and she was also accused of bewitching her husband to death. The result of her not confessing was that she was hung to her death. All of this frenzy started in the house of Samuel Parris. His daughters were consumed by the bizarre tales told by their IndianRead MoreThe Salem Witch Trials Essay1349 Words   |  6 PagesBefore 1692, the supernatural was a part of people’s everyday normal life. This is so as people strongly believed that Satan was present and active on earth. Men and women in Salem Village believed that all the misfortunes that befell them were the work of the devil. For example, when things like infant death, crop failure s or friction among the congregation occurred, people were quick to blame the supernatural. This concept first emerged in Europe around the fifteenth century and then spread to

Causes And Consequences Of Poverty - 1349 Words

Causes of Poverty Poverty is always a topic of debate. Do you believe that people are born, inherited, forced, or choose to live in poverty? I have heard that people make wrong choices in life and end up living a life in poverty. I heard that people inherit debt from other family members to help out, but end up losing it all themselves and I heard people blame the government for not helping those in need. There’s many excuses and people to blame for the failures of such a large issue. The question should be, what really causes poverty? After extensive research, I found that the leading causes of poverty aren’t as simple as some may suggest, however are key ingredients to the main causes: such as politics, economics, education,†¦show more content†¦No jobs, leads to no money, leads to no substances, which ends in starvation, and ends with death. It all started with early colonization of powerful countries using the resources of third world countries to benefit t heir own way of life. This in turn left the third world countries to ruin and unabable to create a stabale economic system to support themselves such as British colonials in India in the late 19th to early 20th century. The British government seized and control India’s trade by cultivating resources from native India for self-indulgence or economic trade throughout the world while using Indian slave labor to benefit to the British way of capitalism. This left the Hindu-Muslim population in ruin and the majority of the population in poverty for centuries to come. Today, in my opinion, we don’t call it colonization, but in most aspects, it’s the same thing. I call it economic captivity in which one powerful government pledges support to economically struggling countries with strings attached. Example----------. One thing that effects even the most robust economic system is the lack of a skilled/educated labor force available to grow an economy to support its ever demand population. Education maybe the root cause of economic instability and/or individual suffering. The lack of education, the ability to do the simple math calculations or even the ability to read and understand the fundamentals, severally effects the economic prosperity of bothShow MoreRelatedPoverty : Causes And Consequences Of Poverty1484 Words   |  6 PagesGREGORY CAN275NBB (CURRENT CANADIAN ISSUES) TITLE: POVERTY IN CANADA DUE APRIL 12, 2017  SECTION A: Cause and Consequences of Poverty: a) Cause of Poverty: When a country is facing a change in its’ trends such as economy, inadequate education, high rate of divorce, overpopulation, epidemic and spreading diseases such as AIDS, climate and environmental issues such as insufficient rainfall, it could be a potential victim of poverty someday. Poverty is becoming so broad across Canada and approximatelyRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Poverty1452 Words   |  6 PagesCauses of Poverty There are multiple factors that poverty is related to such as having poor health, being involved in crime, and not being able to work (â€Å"Poverty in America,† 2007). Having one or all three of these poverty-causing factors has a snow-ball effect on individuals. Such factors limit the amount of job opportunities an individual may have, which in turn causes them to be stuck initially with low-come. If opportunities worsen, individuals may fall into poverty. â€Å"In the US, poverty ratesRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Poverty1756 Words   |  8 Pageswondered what it would be like to not know where your next meal is coming from or where you’re sleeping at that night? Many people are not aware of how poverty hits them or the effects. Poverty has many causes, types and effects on different people. Although no one understands why, there are different causes and reasons as to why people are in poverty. Poverty is the state or condition of having little or no money or means of support also known as the condition of being poor (Harper). Discrimination- withoutRead MoreCauses And Consequences Of Poverty Essay945 Words   |  4 PagesA) Diversity of the causes of poverty in three different countries. â€Å"The causes of poverty include changing trends in a country s economy, lack of education, high divorce rate which causes feminization of poverty, having a culture of poverty, overpopulation, epidemic diseases such as AIDS and malaria, and environmental problems such as lack of rainfall†. (White, Killick Kayizzi, 2001) Almost half of the world over 3 billion people live on less than $2.50 a day. It is said that â€Å"aRead MorePoverty in Pakistan: Causes and Consequences1610 Words   |  6 PagesPoverty, a multidimensional global phenomenon, as defined by World Bank is an income level below some minimum threshold deemed necessary to achieve basic needs. This minimum level is usually called the â€Å"poverty line†. The things required to satisfy basic needs are highly time and society dependent. Therefore, poverty lines vary from country to country as each country defines and sets the poverty line limit according to its own level of development, societ al norms and values. But the contents of theRead MoreHunger, Poverty And Economic Development929 Words   |  4 PagesHunger and Poverty â€Å"We think sometimes that poverty is only being hungry, naked and homeless. The poverty of being unwanted, unloved and uncared for is the greatest poverty. We must start in our own homes to remedy this kind of poverty†--Mother Teresa. This quote speaks deeply to those who are suffering from hunger due to the fact of the country being in poverty. What actually causes hunger? Most of us assume that it would be the countries poverty level, well most of us would be right, but thenRead MoreArgumentative Response to â€Å"the Singer Solution to World Poverty†682 Words   |  3 PagesSinger’s article â€Å"The Singer Solution to World Poverty,† Singer suggests that Americans should donate all of the money they are spending on luxuries, not necessities, to the world’s poor. His argument seems simple and straight forward, but there are several unanswered questions. What is the cause of world poverty? What would this do to the American economy? America’s economy must be a priority to Americans when it comes to solving the issues of world poverty. Utilitarian philosophers, like Peter SingerRead MorePoverty As A Social Problem1739 Words   |  7 Pages Poverty as a Social Problem Magdalena Brania Mrs. Kropf May 27, 2015 Poverty is inscribed in the history of the world, but it is not inherent fate of every human being. It is also not related to the human nature, which does not mean that it can not be due to its nature. All communities experience it, with a greater or lesser extent way causing psychological and sociological conflicts. Society who have to deal with poverty is not only from undeveloped countries, but also developedRead MorePoverty Can Be Defined As The State Of Being Poor1493 Words   |  6 PagesAngel Rosales Professor Nkosi Sociology 2 December 2015 Poverty in America Poverty can be defined as the state of being poor which refers to the deprivation or insufficiency of basic needs which include food, water, shelter, clothing, and education. In America, poverty affects millions of people with a poverty rate of almost 15%. Poverty is an important social problem to address because it affects everyone in a society either directly or indirectly. Those that are affected directly are about 47Read MorePoverty and Classism752 Words   |  4 Pagescapacity for every year that 14.5 American children continue to live in poverty (Koppelman and Goodhart, 2007). Sadly the seriousness of poverty is still often clouded by myths and misunderstandings by society at large. This essay studies the issue of poverty and classism in todays society. Causes of Poverty One of the main causes of poverty is the lack of education. The U.S. education system denies students in poverty the opportunities and access it affords to most other students. Without

Peer Pressure to Allegiance Essay Example For Students

Peer Pressure to Allegiance Essay Peer Pressure is defined as the influence exerted upon one by others of the same age, social group, etc. Allegiance is the obligation of a person to his or her state or government, fidelity to a person or principle; devotion. In Susan Glaspells A Jury of Her Peers, Martha Hales character attempts to persuade Mrs. Peters characters initial thinking. She does this through peer pressure. A Jury of Her Peers, is about a criminal act. Mrs. Wright is being held in the county jail for murder. John Wright, her husband, was found dead with a rope around his neck. Lewis Hale stopped by the Wrights home for help with his load of potatoes. He instead found John Wright dead. The story begins with Martha in her own kitchen. Mr. Hale has stopped by the house to pick Martha up. The Hales are joined by the sheriff, his wife, and the county prosecutor, Mr. Henderson. They are on their way to the Wright home. They are searching for a motive behind the murder of Mr. Wright. The Wright home is the setting for the story. The sheriffs second wife, Mrs. Peters was the only other woman among the group. She is not your typical sheriffs wife. She is quiet and petite. She does not possess a strong authoritative voice like Mrs. Hale. At the Wright house, the three men Mr. Hale, Mr. Henderson, and the sheriff venture upstairs to search for a motive. Mrs. Hale, the dominant woman in this story, strikes up a conversation with Mrs. Peters. It begins with Mrs. Hale displaying her dislike of the men snooping around the house. Mrs. Peters does not agree with Martha. She views the men not as snooping, but as investigating. They are doing their duty says Mrs. Peters. Her loyalty sides with her husband. The women are gathering Mr. Wrights things when Martha begins to tell stories of Minnie Foster. Minnie Foster is the name of Mrs. Wright before she was married to John. Martha explains how she wore pretty clothes and used to be lively. Martha is building a foundation to persuade Mrs. Peters opinion of Mrs. Wright. Mrs. Peters believes that Mrs. Wright murdered Mr. Wright, which is true, but she does not know all the circumstances surrounding the Harris 2 situation. Martha asks her if she thought Mrs. Wright murdered John Wright. Mrs. Peters did not give her honest opinion. She said, Oh I dont know (173). She feels intimidating peer pressure from Martha. She does stand up to her. Martha says, it seems kind of sneaking: locking her up in town and coming out here to get her own house to turn against her (173). Mrs. Peters replies, But, Mrs. Hale the law is the law (173). Martha gives a short sarcastic reply, the law is the law and a bad stove is a bad stove (173). Mrs. Peters feels the peer pressure from Martha. Martha has a feeling that Mrs. Wright may have killed her husband but Martha wants to know which side Mrs. Peters is loyal to. Is her allegiance to the farm women in this community or to the law? They are still gathering Mrs. Wrights clothes when they stumble across a clue; a damaged birdcage. The birdcage is empty. Martha explains Mrs. Wrights love for her pet canary. They are gathering one of Mrs. Wrights quilts when they stumble across a beautiful sewing box. The beautiful sewing box contains Mrs. Wrights pet canary. The canarys neck is broken. At this moment, they know Mrs. Wright killed her husband. They are aware of the importance of the pet canary to Mrs. Wright. .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 , .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .postImageUrl , .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 , .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1:hover , .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1:visited , .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1:active { border:0!important; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1:active , .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1 .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u2b8561e3dacbf4c645a269909ae4bae1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Summers Love Essay As they put the clues together, the men start down the stairs. This is it! Mrs. Peters must decide her allegiance. Would the quiet and petite Mrs. Peters swear allegiance to the women and protect Mrs. Wright? Or would she reveal to the men, the clues, which they stumbled across and could use against Mrs. Wright? Mrs. Peters grabs the box and attempts to stuff the sewing box in her handbag. She sides with the women. The peer pressure .

Pro Athletes Salaries Essay Example For Students

Pro Athletes Salaries Essay Here is an example of a Professional Athletes Salary. Kevin Garnett is a 21 year old Basketball player who had taken the A.C.T test three times in High School, failing all three times and had also taken the S.A.T Test once and failed. Kevin decided that he would not go to a collage even though he was the highly recruited #1 basketball player in the nation, and could have had a scholarship to any collage he wanted. So his decision took him to the NBA draft, where he was selected in the first round to the Minnesota Timberwolves.The Timberwolves signed him to a 6 year $125 Million dollar contract to play for them. (Tom Lenard-Opinion columist)Every year we hear of some new name, some new player in the sports news getting a new record contract which sets a much higher mark and blows away the high from the year before. So we ask whos fault is this that theses men and women are getting paid more and more? Most fingers point our way, the peoples way, the fans way. We are the ones that go to these sporting events pay $50 dollars for a ticket, pay a $100 dollars for a jacket, and $20 dollars for a cap of our favorite teams. We are the ones who support these teams and the players. The reason ticket prices keep going up is because money is needed to pay all of our great players. It doesnt help that they know that we will pay these ticket prices no matter how ridiculous they start charging. Michael Jordan makes 33 million a year plus another 40 million in endorsements. Just because our favorite Athlete wears this brand of underwear and our favorite Athlete eats this brand of a hot dog, should we? Should go out and pay these outrageous prices just for an ordinary product? Mr. Jordan makes $170 Thousand dollars a day!(ESPN.com no page) Considering our President of the United States of America only makes $250 Thousand dollars a year , whats does this tell you about our Country that we think that a person that plays a game for a living should be making more than the person that makes some major decisions concerning America?When players get paid this much it puts more pressure on them to perform. When players are not making so much, they are actually working for money , but when they sign a new Million-dollar contract Underachieving Millionaires (Gary Horton-ESPN.com no page). A big payday is a good thing for the person and his family, but might not always be good for the lo cker room and the Organization writing the checks. When you see a million dollar Running Back and a hundred thousand dollar lead blocker you can see where the problems start.They players will start playing worse if they are unsatisfied with their current contract and the guy who plays with makes way more than you they start thinking about how much their worth. Professional Athletes are making too much money in a society thats salaries and wages are traditionally based on the values of ones work(Jon Shepard-ESPN.com)Professional Athletes are constantly getting in trouble with the law.The players have all this money they are going to go out and spend it and have fun with it.You can turn to the Sports page and read about Rae Carrot a Wide Receiver for the Carolina Panthers in the NFL going to court for murdering his wife, Michael Irvin or Darryl Strawberry once again getting busted for possession of Cocaine and Marijuana or the crazed out lunatic Dennis Rodman kicking a cameraman in th e groin.Whethar its Drug violation or Sexual Assault, it seems that the money is making these players behave badly . If we pay these players millions of dollars to entertain us, then it would be great if the could stay out of jail long enough so that the us the fans can see them play, but most of them end up getting out of prison and found not guilty of the crime because of who they are how much they are worth and how powerful they are. Professional athletes are getting paid millions for just games that are supposed to be fun I mean come on we all play and played them when we were kids and we enjoyed it for the fun of the game and the fun of the sport and the fun we had with the people we played them with. .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c , .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .postImageUrl , .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c , .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c:hover , .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c:visited , .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c:active { border:0!important; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c:active , .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u07ab1cd29f4b1e70eb8174390caca94c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Evolution of Computers EssaySports and Games

Working Capital Management Essay Example

Working Capital Management Essay Introduction of study In the present competitive world, every firm, whether big, medium of small, needs working capital to carry on its operations and to achieve its targets. Proper management of working capital is an important role of firm’s life. Working capital is essential to maintain the smooth running of business. No business can run successfully without an adequate amount of working capital. Inadequacy of working capital may lead the firm to insolvency and excessive working capital implies idle funds, which earns no profits for business. Working capital management policies of a firm have a great effect on its profitability, liquidity and structural health of the firm. A well-designed and implemented working capital management is expected to contribute positively to creation of firm’s value profitability. A firm is required to maintain a balance between liquidity and profitability while conducting its day-to day operations. Liquidity is a pre condition to ensure that firms are able to meets its short-term obligations and its continued flow can be guaranteed from a profitable venture. The importance of cash as an indicator of continuing financial health should not be surprising in view of its crucial role with in the business. This requires that business must be run profitability. Profit maximization is generally considered important objective of a business. Profit is also used as a tool for evaluating the performance of management. Profitability directly influences the creation of surpluses. Therefore, Management of working capital is one of the most important aspects of firm’s profitability. We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Working Capital Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Analyzing the financial statement of the firm helps to make proper decisions about the strengths and weakness of the firm’s operations. These statements are useful in analysis of the profitability of the company by analyzing each individual element to the total figure of the statement. The statements will also assist in analyzing the profitability of the years and with the figures of the competitive firm in the industry for making analysis of relative efficiency. In sri-lanka, selected all listed companies are divided as the sectors by Colombo stock exchange. Here researcher considers Impact of working capital management on profitability of the five firms in trading industry in listed companies and do research based on the five years data between the 2003-2007 1. 2. Research problem Research problem is focused in this research as follows. 1. Does the working capital management impact on profitability of trading firms in sri-lanka? 2 Are the current assets, current liabilities, working capital, current ratio, liquidity ratio, efficieny ratio of selected Trading firms near to the industry average? 1. 3. Objective of the study The focus of this study is Impact of working capital management on profitability of the trading industry in listed companies in srilanka . The basic objective of the study is. †¢ Assess the relationship between working capital and financial performance. Sub objectives are †¢ Identify the need and importance of working capital †¢ To analyze the financial position of trading firms 1. 4. Significance of the study This study will help to know how to impact on working capital on profitability of selected Trading firms. This study also helps to estimate the working capital decisions on the companies’ profitability. Therefore, to estimate profitability, financial, and effectiveness of firm and find out the weakness of the firm. This research will help to know profitability and compare with competitive firms. It is important to improve the competitiveness and liquidity of the trading sector in order to enhance its efficiency. As well as, this study will create the further research question for further investigation in future. The fast growing but large company also makes use of current liability financing. For these reasons, the financial manger and staff devote a considerable portion of their time to working capital matters. Thus, working capital management of selected trading firms is most important. 1. 5. Chapter outline Chapter one includes background of the study, research problem, objective, significance, chapter outline of the study The second chapter consists of the detailed literature survey of the study. Literature survey of the study describes concepts of working capital, need for working capital, operating cycle concept, permanent and variable working capital, factors determining working capital, excess and inadequate working capital, ratio analysis, overtrading The third chapter is allocated to discuss the methodology and conceptualization of the study in detail. That is research problem will be conceptualized based on the literature review. Hypotheses are formulated according to the conceptual model and literature review. Next operationlalization, data collection techniques and method of analyzing impact of working capital management on the profitability of trading firms. The fourth chapter presents survey data presentation, which gathered through secondary data from annual report published by trading firms. Then data analyses are made by correlation analysis, regression analysis. These data are presented by using tables. The fifth chapter will discuss the findings of the research based on the presented and analyzed data. The, hypothesis will be tested. Finally, it indicates conclusion and suggestion for further research. CHAPTER-02 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 0 Introduction In this chapter, the discussion is focused up on the existing literature that describes what is already identified the concepts and theories about the research problem and already carried out the research findings about working capital management and financial performance. 2. 1 Review of theoretical concept 2. 1. 1 Meaning of working capital Every Business needs funds for two purposes- for its establishment and to carry out its day – to- day operations. Long – term funds are required to create production facilities through purchase of fixed assets such as plant and machinery etc. Funds are also needed for short – term purpose for the purchase of raw materials, payment of wages and other day – today expenses etc. These funds are known as working capital. In simple words, working capital refers to the part of the firm’s capital which is required for financing short term or current assets such as cash, marketable securities, debtors and inventories. In the words of shubin, â€Å"working capital is the amount of funds necessary to cover the cost of operating enterprise† According to Genestenberg, â€Å"circulating capital means current assets of a company that are changed in the ordinary course of business from one from to another, as for example, from cash to inventories, inventories to receivables, receivables into cash. † (Shashi K. Gupta, Neeti Gupta 2005P. 6. 1) 2. 1. 2 Concepts of Working capital Management The concept of working capital has been a matter of great controversy among the financial wizards. Different views on working capital can be classified into two groups, 1. Gross working capital According to this concept, working capital refers to the sum of all currents assets of the enterprise employed in business process. This is a going concern concept, since the financial manager is highly concerned with the management of assets with a 2. Net working capital This concept represents excess of current assets over current liabilities. It is also that portion of a firm’s current assets which is financed by long-term funds. Net working capital = current assets- current liabilities (I. M PANDY 1999 p807-808) 2. 1. 3 Kinds of working capital Working capital can be classified into two categories on the basis of time, 1. Permanent or Fixed working capital Permanent working capital represents current assets required on a continuous basis over the entire year. A manufacturing enterprise has to carry irreducible minimum amount of inventories necessary to ensure uninterrupted production and sales. Likewise, some amount of funds remain tied in receivable when the firm sells goods on credit items. Some amount of cash has also to be held by the firm so as to exploit business opportunities, meet operational requirements and to provide insurance against business fluctuations. Thus minimum amount of current assets which the firm has to hold for all time to come to carry an operation at any time is termed as permanent or regular working capital. Permanent working capital has the following characteristics. 2. Temporary or Variable working capital It represents the additional assets, which are required at different times during the operating year additional inventory, extra cash. It is temporarily invested in current assets and possesses the following characteristics. Y Temporary working capital Permanent working capital X Time Fig-1:-permanent and temporary working capital From fig-1, it is clear that the need for regular working capital remains the same for whole the year, where as variable working capital needs are some times high and some times low. In a going concern, the need for working capital goes on rising because of increase in the level of business activities. It is presented in figure-2 Y [pic]X Time Fig-2:-permanent and temporary working capital 2. 1. 4 Operating Cycle Funds, thus, invested in current assets keep revolving fast and are being constantly converted into cash and this cash flows out again in exchange for other current assets. Hence it is also known as revolving capital. The circular flow concept of working capital is based upon this operating or working capital cycle of a firm. The cycle starts with the purchase of raw material and other resources and ends with the realisation of cash from the sale of finished goods. It involves purchase of raw material , its conversion into stock of finished good through work-in-progress with progressive increasement of labour and service costs, conversion of finished stock into, debtors and receivables and ultimately realitisation of cash and this cycle continues again form cash to purchase of raw material and soon. The speed / time duration required to complete one cycle determines the requirements of working capital- longer the period of cycle, larger is the requirement of working capital. Operating cycle of manufacturing firm Source: I. M. PANDEY, 1999, P 810 2. . 5 Importance of operating cycle The application of operating cycle concept is mainly useful to ascertain the requirement of cash working capital to meet the operating expenses of a going concern. This concept is based on the continuity of the follow of values in a business operation. This value usually in a going concern. Centre, mainly around the operational activities of a business in any period. This is an importance concept because the longer the operating cycle, there more working capital funds the firms needs. The management must ensure that this cycle does not become too long. Thus oncept more precisely measures the working capital fund requirements, traces its changes and determinants the optimum level of working capital requirements. [TAXMANN 2003, P 654] 2. 1. 6 Factors determining the working capital requirements. The working capital requirements of a concern depend upon a large number of factors such as nature and size of business, the character of their operations, the length of production cycles, the rate of stock turnover and state of economic situation,. It is not possible to rank them because all such factors are of different importance and the influence of individual factors changes for a firm over time. However, the following are important factors generally influencing the working capital requirements. 1. Nature or Character of business. The working capital requirements of a firm basically depend upon the nature of its business. Public utility undertakings like electricity, water supply and railways need very limited working capital because the offer cash sales only and supply services, not products as such no funds are tied up in inventories and receivables. On the other hand, trading and financial firms require less investment in fixed assets but have to invest large amounts in current assets like inventories, receivables and cash. The manufacturing undertaking also requires sizable working capital along with fixed investments. 2. Size of business or Scale of operations The working capital requirements of a concern are directly influenced by the size of its business, which may be measured in terms of scale of operations. Greater the size of a business unit, generally larger will be the requirements of working capital. However, in some cases even a smaller concern may need more working capital due to high overhead charges, inefficient use of available resources and other economic disadvantage of mall size. 3. Production policy In certain industries, the demand is subject to wide fluctuations due to seasonal variations. The requirements of working capital, in such cases, depend upon the production policy. The production could be kept either steady by accumulating inventories during slack periods with a view to meet high demand during the peak season. If the policy is to keep production steady by accumulating inve ntories it will require higher working capital. 4. Manufacturing Process or Length of production Cycle. In manufacturing business, the requirements of working capital increase in direct proportion to length of manufacturing process. Longer the process period of manufacture, larger is the amount of working capital required. The longer the manufacturing time, the raw materials and other supplies have to be carried for a longer period in the process with progressive increment of labour and services cots before the finished product is finally obtained. Therefore, if there are alternative processes of production, the process with the shortest production period should be chosen. . Working capital Cycle. In a manufacturing concern, the working capital cycle starts with the purchase of raw material and ends with the realization of cash from the sale of finished products. This cycle involves purchase of raw material and stores, its conversion into stocks of finished goods through work-in-progress with progressive increment of labour and service costs, conversion of finished stock into sales, de btors and receivables and ultimately realization of cash and this cycle continues again from cash to purchase of raw material and so on. 6. Credit policy The credit policy of a concern in its dealings with debtors and creditors influence considerably the requirements of working capital. A concern that purchases its requirements on credit and sells its products or services on cash requires lesser amount of working capital. On the other hand a concern buying its requirements for cash and allowing credit to its customers, shall need larger amount of working capital as very huge amount of funds are bound to be tied up in debtors. 7. Rate of growth of business. The working capital requirements of a concern increase with the growth and expansion of its business activities. Although, it is difficult to determine the relationship between the growth in the volume business and the growth in the working capital of a business, yet it may be concluded that for normal rate of expansion in the volume of business, We may have retained profits to provide for more working capital but in fast growing concerns, We shall require larger amount of working capital. 8. Earning capacity and Dividend policy. Some firms have more earning capacity than others due to quality of their products, Monopoly conditions etc. Such firms with high earning capacity may generate cash profits from operations and contribute to their working capital. The dividend policy of a concern also influences the requirements of its working capital. A firm that maintains a steady high rate of cash dividend irrespective of its generation of profits needs more working capital than the firm that retains larger part of its profits and does not pay so high rate of cash dividend. 9. Price Level Changes. Changes in the price level also affect the working capital requirements. Generally, the rising prices will require the firm to maintain larger amount of working capital as more funds will be required to maintain the same current assets. The effect of rising prices may be different for different firms. Some firms may be affected much while some others may not be affected at all by the rise in prices. 10. Other factor. Certain other factors such as operating efficiency management ability, irregularities of supply, import policy, asset structure, importance of labour, banking facilities, etc also influence the requirements of working capital. . 1. 7 Excess and inadequate working capital Business should maintain sound position of working capital. The amount of working capital should neither be too excessive, nor too much inadequate. The working capital in excess of the requirement will reduce profitability as the funds will remain unutilized. Controrily, if the amount of working capital is less that what it is required, the production process may be hampered. It will reduce the sales and consequently the profitability of the business will be adversely affected. 2. 1. 8 Management of working capital Management of working capital therefore, is concerned with the problems that arise in attempting to manage the current assets, the current liabilities and the inter- relationship that exists between them. In other words it refers to all aspects of administration of both current assets and current liabilities . Working capital management (WCM) is the management of short-term financing requirements of a firm. This includes maintaining optimum balance of working capital components – receivables, inventory and payables – and using the cash efficiently for day-to-day operations. Optimization of working capital balance means minimizing the working capital requirements and realizing maximum possible revenues. Efficient WCM increases firms’ free cash flow, which in turn increases the firms’ growth opportunities and return to shareholders. Even though firms traditionally are focused on long term capital budgeting and capital structure, the recent trend is that many companies across different industries focus on WCM efficiency. The basic goal of working capital management is to manage the current assets and current liabilities of a firm in such a way that a satisfactory level of working capital is maintained. Working capital management policies of a firm have a great effect on its profitability, liquidity and structural health of the organization. In this context, working capital management is three dimensional in nature: (1) Dimension I is concerned with the formulation of policies with regard to profitability, risk and liquidity. (2) Dimension II is concerned with the decisions about the composition and level of current assets. (3) Dimension III is concerned with the decision about the composition and level of current liabilities. (Shashi K. Gupta, Neeti Gupta 2005 P. 6. 12) 2. 1. 9 Previous research findings on working capital Management. The study of Grablowsky [1976] and others showed a significant relationship between various success measures and the employment of formal working capital policies and procedures. Walker and Petty [1978], Deakins et al [2001] said that managing cash flow and conversion cycle is a critical component of overall financial management for all firms, especially those who are capital contrained and more reliant on short term sources of finance. Carpenter and Johnson [1983] provided that there is no linear relationship between the level of current assets and revenue systematic risk of US firms. Pinches 1991, Brigham and Ehrhardt 2004, Moyer et. al. 2005, Gitman2005). Said that , there is a long debate on the risk/return tradeoff between different working capital policies. For the first time, Soenen [1993] indicated that a negative correlation between the length of net trade cycle and return on assets. Lamberson [1995] said that the most of the financial managers’ time and efforts are allocated in optimizing the level of current assets and current liabilities back towards optimal levels. Jarvis et al [1996] concluded that the success of a firm depends ultimately, on its ability to generate cash receipts in excess of disbursements. The cash flow problems of many small businesses are exacerbated by poor financial management and in particular the lack of planning cash requirements. Pandy I M Perera K L W [1997] suggested that The managing director plays a major role in formulating formal or informal policy. Company size has an influence on the overall working capital policy (formal or informal) and approach (conservative, moderate or aggressive) Finance manager is the responsible for managing working and review period. capital components. Stretching of credit payment and ageing schedule are the primary tools of managing disbursement float and controlling debtors respectively. Material requirement planning (MRP) and perpetual inventory control (PIC) system are key techniques of inventory management. Company profitability and working capital policy influence the payable management and working capital finance respectively. Most of the companies take cash discounts, but their annual cost of working capital funds is high that ranges between Current and cash budget are major techniques of working capital, 15-20%. planning and control. Company profitability has an influence on the methods of working capital planning and control. Companies sometimes consider working capital changes when they evaluate capital budgeting. Most of the companies in this study use bank interest rate as a hurdle rate for evaluating the working a comparison of the working capital practices of the Sri Capital changes. Lankan companies with the USA companies reveals a lot for similarities. The basic difference is in terms of the use of computerized system and the opportunity to invest surplus cash in the money market instruments. Herbert J. Weinraub and Sue Visscher [1998] found that there is a high and significant negative correlation between industry asset and liability policies. Relatively aggressive working capital asset management seems balanced by relatively conservative working capital financial management. The study undertaken by Peel et al [2000] revealed that small firms tend to have a relatively high proportion of current assets, less liquidity, exhibit volatite cash flows, and a high reliance on short-term debt. Jain and Kumar (1999) examined and compared that current liability management practices of select companies in India and South-East Asia. Accounts payable, and short-term loans and advances, were found to be the two major ingredients of total current liabilities. Further, the majority of the sample companies in India and SEA indicated that suppliers offered cash discount facility for prompt payment. Most of the sample companies from India, Singapore and Malaysia did not seem to use any ‘manual’ for working capital management The length of operating cycle had been stated as the basis of working capital determination in India, while, percentage of budgeted production/sales had been ranked as the primary basis in Singapore and Malaysia for that purpose. They also revealed that the majority of the sample companies in India, Singapore and Malaysia had experienced occasional shortage as well as surplus of working capital. Jain and Yadav (2000) conducted an empirical study on the comparative current assets management practices of corporate enterprises in India, Singapore and Thailand. It was found that the vast majority of the sample companies in India as well as Singapore and Thailand had singled out bank overdraft/cash credit as the major source of dealing with cash deficit situations. The survey also found the multiple ways in which surplus cash was used by the corporate firms from the sample countries. Indian corporate firms followed the practice of deploying excess cash primarily by investing in short-term marketable securities, retiring short-term debt and making deposits with bank for short period. Whereas, deposit with bank and retiring short-term debts were the preferred outlets for Singapore corporate enterprises and Thai firms. Most of the corporate firms in India generally offered cash discount facility to debtors, while their counterparts from Singapore and Thailand (all) did not follow the policy of offering discount to their debtors. Two-thirds of corporate firms in India charged penal interest on overdues, whereas majority of the firms both in Singapore and Thailand did not charge any penal interest on overdue accounts. William Muffee Visemith [2001] said that Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) is a very large corporation and working capital problems are very likely The study found that CDC has acute working capital problems resulting in losses These problems stem from poor working capital management approaches employed over the years. Every organization must seek a point of balance in its working capital in order to avoid a loss-making situation. Dr. Santanu Kr. Ghosh, Santi Gopal Maji [2002] indicated that the Indian Cement Industry as a whole did not perform remarkably well during this period Filbeck and Krueger [2005] highlighted that the importance of efficient working capital management by analyzing the working capital policies of financial industries in USA. According to their findings, working capital practices were significantly different overtime within the industries. Similar studies are conducted by Gombola and Ketz [1983] Soenen [1993] Max well et al [1998] and Long et al[1993]. Filbeck and Krueger [2005] said that business success heavily depends on the ability of financial executives to effectively manage receivables, inventory and payables. Md. Sayaduzzaman [2006] found that The efficiency of working capital management of British American Tobacco Bangladesh CompanyLtd. is highly satisfactory due to the positive cash in flows, planned approach in managing the major elements of working capital. Applications of multi-dimensional models of current assets mix may have positive impact on the continuous growth development of this multinational enterprise. This depends on co-operation of the stakeholders and business environment in the context of globalization. Appuhami, B A Ranjith [2008] found that firms capital expenditure has a significant impact on working capital management. The study also found that the firms operating cash flow, which was recognized as a control variable, has a significant relationship with working capital management. CFO Research Services (a unit of CFO Publishing Corp. ) launched a research program to explore working capital management among midsize and large U. S. companies. [2008] Through a survey and interview program, They sought to understand the relative importance of working capital management, the barriers companies face when they try to improve working capital management, and the steps they take to do so. Pradeep Singh [2008] found that the size of inventory directly affects working capital and its management. Size of the inventory and working capital of Indian Farmers Fertilizer Cooperative Limited (IFFCO) is properly managed and controlled compared to National Fertilizer Ltd. (NFL). Anita Agrawal, S. C. Bansal,[ ] showed that for some of the policy issues of WC, IC and their JV/WOS follow the same practices, while for some of the aspects they have different experiences. Indian firms and their overseas units have same opinion regarding objectives, concepts, frequency of revision of WC policy, determination, experience of shortage of WC and its consequences, reasons of excess WC and impact of environmental factors on WCM. It has been observed that on the whole the basic concepts of WCM remain same irrespective of the location of the firm, however, some differences appear due to distinct size, environment and goodwill of overseas ventures in their respective markets that makes the WCM of these units more complex. Michael J. Peel Nicholas Wilson [ ] indicated that a relatively high proportion of small firms in the sample claimed to use quantitative capital budgeting and working capital techniques and to review various aspects of their companies working capital. In addition, the firms which claimed to use the more sophisticated discounted cash flow capital budgeting techniques, or which had been active in terms of reducing stock levels or the debtors credit period, on average tended to be more active in respect of working capital management practices. 2. 2 financial performances The financial condition of a business organization of a business organization would depend on the resources it owns and the obligations it has to meets. Companies carry out various activities to make profits, and to generate wealth for further growth. Finance is considered as the most important for these activities. The actions of managers have financial consequences for the business firm. Therefore it is imperative that they know the importance of finance functions and their linkage with their own activities. (I. M. pandey, 1997) Hence financial position or condition of the firm should be assessed and future position of the companies should predict. To make the business activities in order to make profit, it would be necessary to keep the financial position favorably. Hence the present study is initiated to predict the financial position of the firms and to find out the linkage between financial position and profitability. Financial statements provide information about the financial positions of an enterprise that is useful to a wide range of users in making economic decisions. (chartered institution,1997) Evaluating the financial performance of the firm, in particular is profitability is required in order to potential changes in the economic resources that it is likely to control in the future. In formation contained in financial statements is organized to enable users of the financial statements to draw conclusions concerning the financial well-being and performance of the reporting entity. In about performance is useful in predicting the capacity of the enterprise to generate cash flows its existing resource base. Information contained in the statement is used by management, creditors, investors and others to form judgment about the operating financial performance and financial position of the firm. Management should be particularly interested in knowing the financial strengths of the firm to make their best performance and to be able to spot out the financial weakness. Each organization should therefore be in position of to repay the debts. In this way financial ratios are useful for assessing the financ